Political Institutions Essays - Politics Of Asia, Politics

Political Institutions Japan 1. The 1947 Japanese constitution was imposed by the United States and its Occupation Authority after its victory in WWII. The constitution seeks to construct a system of representative democracy, with the emperor remains the head of state, but merely as a ceremonial figure. The constitution guarantees the fundamental rights of citizens and also pledges that "land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained," but this provision has not prevented the government from building "self-defense forces," which was actually allowed to expand during the Cold-War U.S. and Soviet confrontation. 2. The legislature: Japan is a parliamentary system in contrast to the US presidential system. The Japanese parliament is the Diet, which consists of two Houses--the House of Representative and the House of Councillors. The primary power in the Diet rests with the lower house. Although the Diet is bicameral (a bill becomes law only when it is passed by both chambers), the lower house has the power to override, by a two-thirds vote for a second time, any attempt by the upper house to negate actions of the lower house. Moreover, the lower house chooses the prime minister and has virtual control of the budgeting process. In general, when the upper house makes a decision different from the lower house and when no agreement can be reached or when the upper house fails to take final action within a certain time, the decision of the lower house becomes that of the Diet. These are all general features of parliamentary forms of government similar to those found in all parliamentary systems. 3. Executive, parliamentary, and judicial relationships: US political system is based upon separation of powers which have checks and balances on each other, whereas Japan's political system, which is similar to the British tradition, is based on the fusion of powers, stressing more cohesion between the executive and legislative functions. The tradition of consensus seeking is deeply rooted in Japan's political culture which is collectivistically based. The head of executive power (the Prime Minister) is indirectly elected by the parliament and he is the leader of the majority party in the parliament who names a cabinet that runs the various state ministries and carries out the policy of the majority party. The cabinet is recruited from the Diet and is largely made up of senior members of the majority party or members of coalition parties in the absence of a one-party majority. Both the prime minister and the cabinet members are responsible to the Diet, and all ministers must resign en masse if the House passes a no-confidence resolution or rejects a confidence motion. All supreme court justices, except the Chief Justice who is designated by the cabinet and nominally appointed by the Emperor (a symbolic figurehead), are appointed by the cabinet without the disguise of a bow to the Emperor. The Supreme Court, however, like the U.S. counterpart, enjoys the power of judicial review and can declare the legislation unconstitutional. 4. Power structure: Japan is traditionally a centralized bureaucratic state modeled on the Chinese Confucian tradition and such a structure remains in today's Japan. US is federal system, the state power protected by the constitution, and the states are more autonomous, whereas Japan is unitary system, local governments (47 prefectures or counties) and their policies are largely controlled by the central government and can be modified by the central government on the nationwide base. For example, local police and school issues are overseen by centralized administrative boards. Borrowing by local governments must be approved by the Ministry of Home Affairs, which is the national agency that oversees local governments. 5. Electoral system: after 1994, the House of Representative has 500 members. 200 are elected by the proportional representation system and 300 are elected from single-seat constituencies or single-member-district plurality system. The House of Councillors has 252 members who serve six- year terms, but half of the total number is elected every three years. That is to say, the Japanese electoral system is similar to that of Germany, which is a combination of plurality and proportional representative systems. In both houses, voters have two votes in elections, one for a party and the other for an individual. 6. Party system: The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) used to dominate Japanese politics from 1955 to 1993, although many other parties did exist, such as New Frontier Party, Democratic Party of Japan, Japan Communist Party, Social Democratic Party, and other smaller parties. However, Japan's one-party domination was shattered by the 1993 election, which produced no clear majority

Baby Boom History

Baby Boom History The dramatic increase in the number of births from 1946 to 1964 in the United States (1947 to 1966 in Canada and 1946 to 1961 in Australia) is called the Baby Boom. It was caused by young males who, upon returning to the United States, Canada, and Australia following tours of duty overseas during World War II, began families; this brought about a significant number of new children into the world. The Beginning of the Baby Boom In the 1930s to early 1940s, new births in the United States averaged around 2.3 to 2.8 million each year. In 1946, the first year of the Baby Boom, new births in the U.S. skyrocketed to 3.47 million births! New births continued to grow throughout the 1940s and 1950s, leading to a peak in the late 1950s with 4.3 million births in 1957 and 1961. (There was a dip to 4.2 million births in 1958) By the mid-sixties, the birth rate began to slowly fall. In 1964 (the final year of the Baby Boom), 4 million babies were born in the U.S. and in 1965, there was a significant drop to 3.76 million births. From 1965 on, there was a plunge in the number of births to a low of 3.14 million births in 1973, lower than any year’s births since 1945. Life of a Baby Boomer In the United States, approximately 79 million babies were born during the Baby Boom. Much of this cohort of nineteen years (1946-1964) grew up with Woodstock, the Vietnam War, and John F. Kennedy as president. In 2006, the oldest Baby Boomers turned 60 years old, including the first two Baby Boomer presidents, Presidents William J. Clinton and George W. Bush, both born in the first year of the Baby Boom, 1946. Dropping Birth Rate After 1964 From 1973 on, Generation X was nowhere near as populous as their parents. The total births rose to 3.6 million in 1980 and then 4.16 million in 1990. For 1990 on, the number of births has remained somewhat constant – from 2000 to now, the birth rate has hovered at 4 million annually. It’s amazing that 1957 and 1961 are the peak birth years in raw number of births for the nation even though the total national population was 60% of the current population. Obviously, the birth rate among Americans has dropped precipitously. The birth rate per 1000 population in 1957 was 25.3. In 1973, it was 14.8. The birth rate per 1000 rose to 16.7 in 1990 but today has dropped to 14. Affect on Economy The dramatic increase in births during the Baby Boom helped to lead to exponential rises in the demand for consumer products, suburban homes, automobiles, roads, and services. Demographer P.K. Whelpton forecast this demand, as quoted in the August 9, 1948 edition of Newsweek. When the number of persons is rising rapidly it is necessary to prepare for the increase. Houses and apartments must be built; streets must be paved; power, light, water, and sewer systems must be extended; existing factories, stores and other business structures must be enlarged or new ones erected; and much machinery must be manufactured. And that’s exactly what happened. The metropolitan areas of the United States exploded in growth and led to huge suburban developments, such as Levittown. The table below displays the total number of births for each year indicated from 1930 through 2007 in the United States. Notice the increase in births during the Baby Boom from 1946 to 1964. The source for this data are numerous editions of the Statistical Abstract of the United States. U.S. Births 1930-2007 Year Births 1930 2.2 million 1933 2.31 million 1935 2.15 million 1940 2.36 million 1941 2.5 million 1942 2.8 million 1943 2.9 million 1944 2.8 million 1945 2.8 million 1946 3.47 million 1947 3.9 million 1948 3.5 million 1949 3.56 million 1950 3.6 million 1951 3.75 million 1952 3.85 million 1953 3.9 million 1954 4 million 1955 4.1 million 1956 4.16 million 1957 4.3 million 1958 4.2 million 1959 4.25 million 1960 4.26 million 1961 4.3 million 1962 4.17 million 1963 4.1 million 1964 4 million 1965 3.76 million 1966 3.6 million 1967 3.5 million 1973 3.14 million 1980 3.6 million 1985 3.76 million 1990 4.16 million 1995 3.9 million 2000 4 million 2004 4.1 million 2007 4.317 million The table below displays the total number of births for each year indicated from 1930 through 2007 in the United States. Notice the increase in births during the Baby Boom from 1946 to 1964. The source for this data are numerous editions of the Statistical Abstract of the United States. U.S. Births 1930-2007 Year Births 1930 2.2 million 1933 2.31 million 1935 2.15 million 1940 2.36 million 1941 2.5 million 1942 2.8 million 1943 2.9 million 1944 2.8 million 1945 2.8 million 1946 3.47 million 1947 3.9 million 1948 3.5 million 1949 3.56 million 1950 3.6 million 1951 3.75 million 1952 3.85 million 1953 3.9 million 1954 4 million 1955 4.1 million 1956 4.16 million 1957 4.3 million 1958 4.2 million 1959 4.25 million 1960 4.26 million 1961 4.3 million 1962 4.17 million 1963 4.1 million 1964 4 million 1965 3.76 million 1966 3.6 million 1967 3.5 million 1973 3.14 million 1980 3.6 million 1985 3.76 million 1990 4.16 million 1995 3.9 million 2000 4 million 2004 4.1 million 2007 4.317 million

Planning & Property Development- Development Appraisal Essay

Planning & Property Development- Development Appraisal - Essay Example Projects are also underway to develop high speed train links between London and Europe to the midland and northern cities of England. There is a rich and diverse presence of flora and fauna around but there are currently no tree preservation orders at the site. The site has also been used for cement works (currently), tourism (currently), agricultural purposes (1800s), canal warehouses (1935s), and canals and railways (1840s). There site also the boasts the presence of historical sites (museums and galleries), entertainment and leisure facilities, a shopping complex and hotels. All these amenities are within close proximity to one another and also in the city centre where the main attractions are located. The site is in a flood warning area and therefore due caution must be taken when putting up structures on the site. It is however, very accessible through the excellent public transport links which include bus, train and even cycling routes. The highest traffic volume is recorded by commercial vans and lorries. There is also a short supply of off-street parking as evidenced by fully parked spots at both sides in the surrounding roads. The site also enjoys legal access to the nearby warehouse, Fazeley street properties and also into the cement works. The site also enjoys the public right of way on the canal towpath. The objective is to use the site as a yardstick for the development options it provides. After this, those options will also be appraised financially by using appropriate financial methods. The financial appraisal method selected for this exercise is the traditional residue site value (RSV) budget (Guy 2002, pg. 43). Although financial data has not been provided, this wil l not be a hindrance to a recommendation on which development option is the best for Mr. Brown’s estate. Financial appraisal will be based on factors like finance charges, design period, rental fees, yield, plot ratio, letting

Law of Tort, Fundamentals of Business Law Essay

Law of Tort, Fundamentals of Business Law - Essay Example In the fair child's case, the industrial employers had a duty of care towards the employees in ensuring that:- A man purchased a bottle of ginger-beer from a shop to be used by his girlfriend. But the bottle in which the beer was contained was opaque and it was impossible to clearly see its contents. It was later found that the beer contained remains of a snail on pouring out the beer. The girlfriend got sick and sued the manufacturer for damages in tort. It was held that the defendant was liable since he owed her a duty of care to ensure that the bottle should contain any other objects apart from the beer itself. Under the tort of negligence, the plaintiff cannot successfully sue the defendant unless he/she proofs that he was injured. Even if damage is evident, the plaintiff must also proof that he suffered injury directly attributable to the damage. The plaintiff might suffer injury not directly attributable to the damage. If this is the case, his action will fail. 2 In Fairchild's case, the workers inhaled excessive asbestos and contracted mesotheliona, a cancer associated with the inhalation of such substances. The injury here is this disease suffered. This would give the worker an automatic a way to sue their employers for damages. The situation would have changed had the workers not contracted the disease or any injury of a similar nature. The employers know very well that excessive inhalation of the asbestos would cause the disease but they did not take reasonable steps to avid it. Standard of Care Apart from just the duty of care that one owes his neighbour in his actions that he ought to have him in contemplation, there are cases where standard of care need to be shown. The courts have the burden to proof whether the defendants had standard of care. A standard of care is thus expected from an ordinary prudent person in a given situation. If a person has placed himself or made others believe that he can execute a given task, then he owes his clients a standard of care to do such a task without harming the client. A doctor for instant in a reputable hospital owes a patient a standard of care and should carry out his work expected of a doctor from such a hospital and expect to be given such a standard of care. 3 Causation of Damage under Negligence The general rule under negligence is that the burden of proofing negligence would lie on the plaintiff. But in case of accidents in the workplace, the plaintiff need not proof negligence if that accident could not have occurred were the defendant not negligent. In such cases, the plaintiff relies on the principle of 'Res Ipsa Loquitor" i.e.; let the facts speak by themselves. The burden of proof then shift to the defendant. The defendant would then convince the courts that the accident would still have occurred without his own negligence. 4 If the defendant successfully argues that he was not negligent or convinces the world

Economic analysis of Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic analysis of Obesity - Essay Example According to the World Health Organization, obesity is defined as the condition marked by excess body fat (Youfa and May 8). Body Mass Index (BMI) {weight (kg)/ height (m) 2} is widely used to assess obesity. For adults, world health organization defines obesity using BMI cutpoints of 25 and 30 kg/m2, respectively. It has also been recommended that waist circumference cutpoints of 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women be used to define central obesity. For children, BMI percentile of age and gender has been utilized particularly in the U.S. Specifically, overweight is defined as a BMI greater than 95th BMI percentile (Youfa and May 18). Generally, however, it is argued that obese people are defined as those who are more than 20 percent above their medically determined ideal weight. Statistics indicate that, in the past few decades, there has been an increase with the number of Americans who are considered to be obese from about 25 percent to about 33 percent (Ogalthorpe 94). Studies have documented that among the major contributing factors include poor eating habits and lack of exercise. Due to change in economic times and various laws regarding health and economic issues, many people are faced with the risk of becoming obese. With these deliberations, it has been argued that both economically advantaged and economically disadvantages become victims of obese. For example, rich people are argued to be busy with their jobs and businesses. Although they have all the resources necessary to have the diet they desire, they lack enough time to exercise (Sassi 102). Children who come from rich families are argued to have a tendency of taking meals of their choices as long as their desires are met. They go for sweet snacks and other foods with high contents of calories. As a consequence, they gain weight, but most of them fail to exercise. On the other hand, poor people may lack enough money to place a balanced diet on their tables. They tend to go for cheap meals, which most of them, unfortunately, contains a lot of starch. Getting alternative meals or other variety of diets is difficult. This leads to overweight (Youfa and May 12). Economic analysis Economic analysis in relation to obesity can be viewed from two perspectives. One involves economic as a contributing factor to obesity and economic in terms of consequences of obesity. When prices of calories fall, it is apparent that many people will be able to purchase plenty of it. This is argued to be true because, when food prices are high, some people find it difficult to purchase them (Youfa and May 17). Another issue of concern is when income for many people has gone up. It is obvious that when income has gone up, many people are able to afford different foods and in plenty. The apparent consequence of these deliberations is that rise in weight would be a natural phenomena. Unlike in developing societies, industrialized or post industrialized societies like the United States have problems with balancing weight gain and exercise (Ogalthorpe 91). For example, in developing societies, physical exertion is required to provide with labor. This involves

Case Studies of GSK

Case Studies of GSK Chapter 10 CASE STUDY 1 (GSK) Observations GSK has pursued a greenfield venture as its entry strategy in Singapore. The firm has decided to spend 190 million to build a new plant. The reasons stated for its choice of Singapore are availability of highly educated employees, sound economy and provision of government incentives. GSK plans to expand the firms operations further. There are intentions to construct a 1st of its kind RD plant at its Global Manufacturing Supply location in Jurong. Discussions Analysis The Singapore government intends to make the republic a biomedical hub. It is known that many people from Asia come into Singapore to seek medical help from our doctors. Gsk see an opportunity for profits by complementing the various medical facilities in Singapore. Asia is rising to become a global powerhouse in the biotechnology industry, with its rapidly-expanding market and enormous talent base. As a leading biomedical hub in Asia, Singapore administers entry to world-class scientific and clinical excellence, superior networks to key regional markets as well as strategic alliance connections with research institutes, corporate labs and public hospitals. In addition, as part of an ongoing effort to develop talent and leadership in Singapore, GSK is creating a $30 million endowment fund to nurture talents in the fields of green manufacturing and public health policy. The Singapore Economic Development Board (EBD) will add to the fund by a further $20 million. Singapore with its extensive infrastructure and skilled human resource is viewed by GSK as an export centre to world markets. By concentrating production of vaccines and medical supplies in one location, GSK can achieve location economies thus minimising costs. Singapore as a member of ASEAN could prove to be very useful to the firm as it set up its distribution networks across other ASEAN countries. With governments of ASEAN advocating economic integration, tariffs reductions as well as more flexible foreign direct investment policies, GSK can reduce time and money associated with burecracy and distribute its products more conveniently to neighbouring countries. Singapore possess a excellent port, coupled with extensive air freight services, products of GSK can be delivered.

An Analysis of A Raisin In the Sun :: Raisin Sun essays

An Analysis of A Raisin In the Sun "A Raisin In The Sun" is a play written by an African-American playwright - Lorraine Hansberry. It was first produced in 1959. Lorraine Hansberry's work is about a black family in the Chicago's South-Side after the Second World War. The family consisted of Mama(Lena Younger), Walter Lee(her son), Ruth (his wife), Travis (their son), and Beneatha (Walters younger sister). The Younger family lived in poor conditions, and can't afford to have better living standards. However, Lena is waiting to receive a $10,000 check from her late-husbands insurance money. The two main characters in the play, Mama and Walter, want this money to be used for the benefits of the whole family. Even though both of them want to benefit the family, each one has a different idea of what to do with the money and how to manage it to benefit everyone. Walter Lee, like his father want's his family to have a better life and want's to invest the money in a liquor store. Walter want's the money so that he can prove that he is capable of making a future for his family. By doing well in business Walter thinks that he can buy his family happiness. Walter has dreams. Dreams he most likely got from his father. Dreams of better life for his family and himself. A dream of financial security and comfortable living. Ruth, on the other hand is stable and down to earth. She doesn't make rash choices to accommodate a dream. She will just make do with what she has. Mama is a loving person, she is wise but lives in the past. She is happy to have her family with and be safe from society. She thinks that money is not something that makes a family happy. Besides dreams Walter also has a husbands responsibilities which are universally thought of as being able to support his family and raise his children so they are morally in line with what he believes in. Walter's problem, however, seems to be that he is building his supposedly well thought out plan of investing money in a liquor store into something he is infactuated with. By creating this infactuation, he is not able to achieve his responsibilities. Besides having responsibilities Walter also has his

How Accurate Is Huxleys Vision of the Future.

Back To the Future In a world where people have sex all the time, take drugs to make themselves happier, and have no parents to tell them what to do, they have fun all the time. Huxley’s vision of the future sounds like a college kids dream. Huxley’s vision in his novel, Brave New World, describes a future that will never happen. Huxley’s vision of the future describes a delusion because the United States acts stubborn. We do not agree to anything most countries do, like the math system, language, and currency.The United States acts on its own. No one controls the United States. Most people from our country behave conservatively. People live off religion, it gives people hope that a paradise does exist even in a tough world called life. No person would agree to have sex all the time with anyone and everyone. People want love and a monogamous relationship. People also have jealousy issues. Americans act possessive, no person wants to give up family; it teaches loy alty and love. Most of the rules in Huxley’s novel sound illegal.Five year olds play erotic games; this screams child pornography. What sick person would force children to have sex with each other? The caste system correlates to India which falls under illegal activities. Most importantly, people have to do above and beyond geniuses to develop the test tube theory etc. The education systems in the United States, Canada, and Europe fabricate learning; the children’s mindset of school describes it as a place called hell. They have to meet certain requirements in order to discover ways to make people without sexual reproduction.Brave New World is impossible. Love makes people who they are. Without love; fairness, hope, faith, generosity, humanity, kindheartedness, and compassion would never exist. (â€Å"I want to know what passion is†¦ I want to feel something strongly. † Aldous Huxley, Brave New World, p. 102). Some points in the novel do run parallel with a near future of the United States, such as, no sacred marriages, sex obsessed people, atheist, need for drugs/ alcohol, and hunger for power and control do surround the United States.Although, the possibilities of the future obtain endless outcomes, with the lack of intelligent people, Brave New World will not happen anytime soon because more important dilemmas in the world today take precedence, such as, world hunger, poverty, finding a cure for incurable diseases, crime, and the economy. We have to fix the mess we live in now or no perverted fiction future will ever exist without the advances in government and education. Huxley’s vision will only ever exist in a troubled mind.

The Role of Resocialisation in Society

The Role of Resocialisation in Society Resocialisation can be described as the change of existing social roles with new ones (Ferrante, 2010, p. 139). People are made to adapt to the new roles because of the situations they get themselves in. Socialisation involves making people more aware of their roles in the society. The process of resocialisation occurs in many areas and has both positive and negative outcomes. This paper discusses the process of resocialisation and the ways in which it affects an individual and the society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Role of Resocialisation in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Resocialisation in Organisations Different organisations have different ways in which they conduct their affairs; most of them have a set of codes and rules, which all those who want to be part of them have to respect. These codes and rules are meant to give an identity to all those who are either active in the organisation or who identify with its ideals. New people who join such organisations are made to observe these rules to enable them to be identified with it (Ferrante, 2010, p. 143). Resocialisation involves making people, who are part of an organisation either willingly or unwillingly, transform their behaviour and personalities to suit their new environment. Organisations work hard to adopt resocialisation to control the level of engagement of the people who are active in them. Pante (2006) reveals that business organisations have codes of conduct, which their employees need to abide by (p. 84). These rules are meant to organise the way work is done with clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each individual. Some students have to balance between working and doing part time jobs while in college. They become resocialised by working so that they can reduce their overdependence on parents. The students are forced to accept their new roles by their parent’s lack of money for their college fees. New members of an organisation are made aware of the new roles they are supposed to assume. They are made to undergo certain procedures, which prepare them for the new roles that they are expected to assume. The resocialisation process helps them to change their behaviour, attitudes and perceptions towards the organisation and the business activities it undertakes (Goffman, 1968, p. 25). This approach makes recruits’ expectations and attitudes suit the environment in which they become part of both in the present and in the future. Organisations have their own internal power and influence, which makes them carry out a set of resocialisation procedures that their members need to conform to.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organisations have different reasons for resocialising their employees. Some organisations are more interested in resocialis ing their members more than others. These organisations are motivated by the need to be seen as strong, attractive and invincible in the societies in which they transact. For instance, legal systems are known for their aggressive approach towards resocialising people who are active in them. Police officers who have just been enrolled must measure up to the highest moral and legal standards to discharge their duties effectively. Law enforcement systems expect their staff to be selfless and diligent to maintain law and order in the society. Students who have to work part time do so willingly. Their resocialisation occurs because they need to earn a living; they are more self driven and is not similar to that the new police recruits undergo. Employees who join an organisation are made aware of the work procedures they are supposed to follow; their resocialisation is more formal and is done to help them settle in their new jobs as quickly as possible. Both employees and organisations de pend on each other mutually for their objectives to succeed. Features of Resocialisation Resocialisation takes place in many forms, which have a big impact on the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of the people who undergo the process. Some procedures are carried out to shift the loyalties of the person being resocialised to the organisation or group which he or she is about to become part of. Resocialisation is done to make a person have a sense of belonging in the new environment that he lives in. There are various types of procedures that are also carried out during resocialisation; this is done to highlight the significance of the occasion being celebrated (Andersen Taylor, 2006, p. 77). These procedures fascinate the emotional, psychological or religious attitudes of the members of the community or organisation in which the practice is conducted.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Role of Resocialisation in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rituals have a big significance in resocialisation. Some communities carry out rituals because they are able to appease themselves through their religious practices and beliefs. For example, Native Americans use psychoactive substances to help them reconnect with their ancestors after several centuries of the Whites dominating them. These rituals are a form of resocialisation because through them the Native Americans identify their shared ancestry, traditions and kinship in the community where they live (Zimmerman, 2003, p. 87). Native Americans had been banned from carrying out these rituals when the US society was still dominated by white supremacy ideologies. The rituals serve as a bridge between them and their past, which they still cherish and want to keep alive. Ceremonies in different communities and organisations also play a crucial role in resocialisation. These ceremonies serve as procedures through which new participants are made to understand the new roles they are supposed to perform in their new environments. For instance, weddings are public resocialisation ceremonies, which prepare the bride and the groom for the new responsibilities taken up by the husband and his wife (Newman Grauerholz, 2002, p. 234). The internship processes in organisations resocialise new employees to be conversant with the work procedures they are supposed to perform at their work stations. Internships help the new graduates to acquire important skills, which they need to perform their duties. Initiations in some communities and organisations are carried out as rites of passage or as tests. For instance, many communities in Africa use circumcision and other forms of initiation as a rite of passage for their young people into adulthood. These young people are resocialised to perform the new roles that adults perform within a particular community. After initiation, some of these young people get married, move out of their pa rents’ homes or carry out the tasks that adults are expected to perform. Mavundla (2009) reveals that they do this to conform to the roles and responsibilities the society expects them to assume (p. 396). Resocialisation gives them the courage to withstand pressures of life that they will face as adults in the future. Besides initiation, there are also other forms of resocialisation that people have to undergo to join criminal, terrorist or secretive groups. Gangs use violence to initiate new members into their ranks. For instance, these new members are made to withstand lashings, rape or beatings to become part of these gangs.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dahl (2004) states that some members are forced to kill or maim other people for them to be become new members of a gang (p. 8). Therapy centres use various methods to resocialise drug and alcohol addicts to reduce their dependence on the substances that bind them. The addicts are resocialised to reform their compulsive instincts and accept other rewarding and more beneficial pursuits. Coping With Resocialisation Various resocialisation programs have objectives that they seek to achieve. Formal resocialisation programs encourage people to change their behaviours for them to be able to cope with life’s challenges. Prison systems are tough and many people in the society find it difficult to cope in them. Some prisoners cope with the harsh environment without difficulty; consequently, other criminals commit more serious crimes after leaving prison. Other inmates have strong networks in prisons, which protect them from other rival groups (Brym Lie, 2009, p. 77). Some prisons are controlled by criminal gangs who operate illegal businesses within them to retain their autonomy. The members of the gangs commit serious crimes in prison such as murder, rape, assault and extortion. They violate the rules without worrying about the consequences that they are likely to face. Jews who were confined in Nazi concentration camps faced a lot of problems. Together with Gypsies, they were abused, killed and overworked by the Nazi forces who wanted to destroy them. They were resocialised to feel that they are inferior to other races in Europe. The harsh treatment and servitude they were subjected to while in labour camps made them feel unwanted. They understood that their fate was sealed and they had little chance of getting out of the concentration camps alive. The concentration camps strengthened their will to survive (Bartrop Jacobs, 2010, p. 12). They held on to their traditional beliefs and religious practices, but did so in secret. As a result, they were able to ret ain their autonomy. People who have experienced difficult episodes in their lives are able to cope in an environment that encourages sharing and healing. People who have been victims of violence or child abuse need to be resocialised to understand that the pain they suffer is not of their own making. Levers (2012) argues that effective counselling programs help such victims to cope with their dark past and move on to a more promising future (p. 87). For instance, teenagers who are victims of parental abuse are easily lured to join criminal gangs. They mistake the bond they have with their fellow gang members for love. However, after some time, some of the youth in the gang may choose an alternative lifestyle that is free from crime. The young people stop associating with gangs and choose to go back to school to get a good education. For that reason, they retain their autonomy by being brave enough to make positive choices. Drug and substance addicts can cope with resocialisation in different ways. Their dependence on the substances drives them to seek an alternative lifestyle away from their destructive habits. For instance, they begin to get resocialised by undergoing rehabilitative programs, which help them to overcome their addictions (Levers, 2012, p. 93). They are able to regain their autonomy by reducing their dependence on the substances they consume. Former drug addicts can have difficulties in coping; for instance, they can be drawn back to the dangerous lifestyle they have been used to as a result of their failure to handle the rehabilitation. They retain their autonomy by continuing to take drugs. This is contrary to what they have been taught in rehabilitation centres. In conclusion, resocialisation occurs in many forms in the society. It can have positive or negative consequences for people who experience it. References Andersen, M. L., Taylor, H. F. (2006). Sociology: Understanding a diverse society with infotrac. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Ba rtrop, P.R., Jacobs, S.L. (2010). Fifty key thinkers on the holocaust and genocide. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Brym, R. J. Lie, J. (2009). Sociology: Your compass for a new world. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Dahl, R. E. (2004). Adolescent brain development: Vulnerabilities and opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 1-22. Ferrante, J. (2010). Sociology: A global perspective, enhanced. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Goffman, E. (1968). Asylums. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Lazarus, L. (2004). Contrasting prisoners’ rights: A comparative examination of Germany and England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levers, L. L. (2012). Trauma counselling: Theories and interventions. New York, NY: Springer. Mavundla, T. R. (2009). Rationalization of indigenous male circumcision as a sacred religious custom: Health beliefs of Xhosa men in South Africa. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 20(4), 395-404. Newman, D. M., Grauerholz, E. (2002). Sociology of famil ies. New York, NY: Pine Forge Press. Pante, S. (2006). Cliffs test prep praxis II: Social studies content knowledge test (0081). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Zimmerman, L. J. (2003). American Indians: The first nations: Native North American life, myth and art. London: Duncan Baird.

Bird Watching Tips for Beginners

Bird Watching Tips for Beginners Identifying a bird can be challenging. Birds are active, energetic animals and you need a quick eye to spot as many details as possible in a short span of time. The obstacles are many- the light may be dim, you could have the sun in your eyes, or the bird may dive into a bush. So to stand the best chance of landing a name for a bird, youll want to know what to look for- what matters most and how to spend your precious viewing time. Keep Your Eye on the Bird Photo  © Marc Romanelli / Getty Images. When you spot a bird, dont immediately try to flip through the pages of a field guide to identify it. Every moment of viewing time is precious. Keep your eye fixed on the bird and study it- absorb details of its markings, movements, song, feeding habits, and size. You may want to jot down notes or quickly sketch things that catch your eye. But dont focus too much on your jottings, try to maximize the time you have the bird in view, as this is your time to study it and you dont know how long it will be before the bird dashes off, out of sight. Listen for Calls and Song Listening out for a birds vocalizations is simple but its also easy to forget to do. The odds are, if you dont make a conscious effort to listen, you wont remember the birds song and youll miss out on one of the best bird identification tools there is. The good news is that you can listen to a bird while you look at it- its easy to do both at the same time. Look for bill movements along with the calls you hear, just to ensure youre associating the correct song with the bird youre trying to identify. Estimate General Size and Shape A general picture of the bird, that is its approximate size and shape, will often give you many clues when placing it into the correct family of birds. Therefore, begin with an assessment of the birds overall appearance. What is the approximate size of the bird? Its easiest to estimate size in relation to well know birds. For instance, is the bird youre observing about the size of a sparrow? A robin? A pigeon? A crow? A turkey? Think in terms of silhouettes and try to get an inkling for its general body shape. Does it stand upright and walk with ease, or is it unsteady and awkward on land? Make Note of Facial Markings and Bill Characteristics After determining its general size and shape, then youre ready to start noticing details. Start at the head first. Look for distinctive strips and patches of color including crown stripes, eye lines, nape color, eye arcs or rings. Does it have a black hood on its head? Do its feathers form a crest atop its head? Also note the color and shape of the birds bill. How long is the bill in relation to the birds head? Is it straight or curved, conical or flattened? Look for Wing Bars and Tail Shape Next look for details on the birds body, wings, and tail. Keep an eye out for wing bars, color patches, and markings on the birds body, when it is stationary or in flight. What color is its back and its belly? How long is its tail in relation to the birds body length? How does it hold its tail? Does it have a forked tail or is it square or rounded? Observe Leg Color and Length Now study the birds legs. Does the bird have long legs or short legs? What color are its legs? If you can catch a glimpse of its feet, try and determine if its feet are webbed, or if it has talons. Some birds even have toes that arranged differently than others and if youre fortunate enough to have a close-up view, see how many of its toes point forwards or backwards. Study Movement and Flight Patterns Observe the way the bird walks, how it holds its tail, or how it jumps from branch to branch. If it flies off, watch for a pattern in its flight, does it swoop up and down in gentle arcs with each wingbeat or does it glide gently and steadily? Determine Feeding Habits If you can, try and determine what the bird is eating or how it feeds. Does it cling to a tree t trunk and dig at the bark looking for insects? Or does it forage across your lawn, tilting its head to watch for insects scurrying amongst blades of grass. Does it sway its bill through the water at the edge of a pond? Describe Habitat, Region, and Climate Make note of the habitat in which you have observed the bird. You can do this even after the bird has flown off, so its best to leave this step until last. Did you spot the bird in a wetland or woodland? Are you in an urban setting or a farm field? Each species of bird has a typical region that they inhabit and making note of the region youre in when you observe a bird can narrow the possibilities when you try to identify that bird. Also, birds migrate and species composition in a region changes throughout the seasons, so make note of the time of year (or specific date you observe the bird). Record Your Observations After viewing the bird, jot down your observations for later reference. From markings to behavior, write down anything you noticed, it can all help when you later sit down with a field guide to confirm the birds species. Also, note the location, date, time of day of the siting.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example There is huge diversity in McDonald’s advertisements and its creativity which touches the target group. Indeed, one of its advertisements in Sweden cycle stand depicts fresh carrot and at other places, the crosswalk is painted as McDonald’s fries. When big and juicy burgers were introduced in Stockholm outlets, big posters at major transport centers were made up of same material as that of napkins which could be ripped off! Indeed, most interesting aspect of McDonald’s advertisements is that they portray liveliness and include diversity within it. Various TV commercials and roadside hoardings of ‘I m lovin it’ are prime example of inclusion. Another important factor that integrates all its advertisements formats is McDonald’s intention to send the message that it wants to meet the changing preferences of the people and has serious intentions to ensure that its customers are satisfied. They also highlight environmental concern, healthy diet and tickle the funny bone with the humor within its advertisements. (words: 265)

A Very Different Age - Americans of the Progressive Era Essay

A Very Different Age - Americans of the Progressive Era - Essay Example During this era, the American society experienced various changes socially, economically and politically. The bulk of the book deals with how American people felt during the revolution and to what extent their lives changed. The book focuses on society as a whole, and does not emphasize on a particular person or event alone, there was a lot of struggle and opposition between people, as Diner writes "living increasingly in an interdependent society comprised of large institutions, individual Americans made numerous choices and competed with each other as never before to control their lives"( 3). A very different age narrates the efforts of and lives of different groups of people during the progressive era, including, businessmen and industrial workers, small businessmen and big businessmen, industrial workers and farmers, European immigrants and African migrants, middle class women and men, industrial workers and middle class workers, businessmen and professionals. The reform included the growth of "labour unions joined mostly by businessmen"(47), but these unions removed the "African Americans", women joined the workforce, immigrants accepted low paid jobs for the sake of improving their overall status, they were mostly employed in factories and mills. Inhabitants of America felt superior to the immigrants; farmers mostly had to depend on the vague capitalist system to earn a respectable income, "African American" had to fight for their rights to freedom, most of them flee the country, but it was the middle class that appeared to be the most powerful during the progressive era. According to Diner, despite the progress, there were many setbacks that occurred during the revolutionary era. Thousands of Americans still lived in poverty; African Americans struggled for their identity and "racism" (125) existed. The writer skillfully includes the work of many historians in his book; he praises some of the reformers of the time but criticizes many renowned progressives like "Teddy Roosevelt" (229) and "Woodrow Wilson (219)" who worked for their selfish motives instead of bringing change, Diner disparagingly asserts that "progressives, like other Americans, joined a contest for control under rules set by industrial capitalism" The author explains in his book that the "historians"(199) believe that the political behaviour of many Americans during the progressive era changed widely as fewer votes were cast and citizens no longer remained linked to their political parties as strict laws prevented them to cast votes. Furthermore, many social historians believed that common people were victims of intolerance and inequality, and there were many people who faced the harsh circumstances bravely and travelled from place to place in search of better jobs. People who left were mostly farmers and industrial workers, whereas, most of the urban came to America and urban population in South increased by 900,000(131), "Midwestern farmer's children went further west to buy more lands" and "African Americans" moved to rural areas. A diner is of the view that the progressive period though brought many gains but it at the same time ruined the lives of many. The "Industrial Revolution" had a different impact on different people; with its many accomplishments, it also created problems for many people. The revolution affected women’s lives most negatively and their lifestyle changed significantly.     Ã‚